Nanoantennas improve infrared sensing
22 May 2013
The University of Pennsylvania has used a pattern of nanoantennas to develop a new way of turning infrared light into mechanical action.
Detecting light in the mid-infrared range is important for spectroscopy applications.
Existing infrared detectors use cryogenically cooled semiconductors, or thermal detectors known as microbolometers, in which changes in electrical resistance can be correlated to temperatures.
These techniques have their own advantages, but both need expensive, bulky equipment to be sensitive enough for spectroscopy applications.
“We set out to make an optomechanical thermal infrared detector,” said assistant professor Ertugrul Cubukcu. “Rather than changes in resistance, our detector works by connecting mechanical motion to changes in temperature.”
The advantage to this approach is that it could reduce the footprint of an infrared sensing device to something that would fit on a disposable silicon chip. The researchers fabricated such a device in their study.
At the core of the device is a nanoscale structure – about a tenth of a millimeter wide and five times as long – made of a layer of gold bonded to a layer of silicon nitride.
The researchers chose these materials because of their different thermal expansion coefficients, a parameter that determines how much a material will expand when heated.
Because metals will naturally convert some energy from infrared light into heat, researchers can connect the amount the material expands to the amount of infrared light hitting it.
“A single layer would expand laterally, but our two layers are constrained because they’re attached to one another,” Cubukcu said. “The only way they can expand is in the third dimension. In this case, that means bending toward the gold side, since gold has the higher thermal expansion coefficient and will expand more.”
To measure this movement, the researchers used a fiber interferometer. A fiber optic cable pointed upward at this system bounces light off the underside of the silicon nitride layer, enabling the researchers to determine how far the structure has bent upwards.
“We can tell how far the bottom layer has moved based on this reflected light,” Cubukcu said. “We can even see displacements that are thousands of times smaller than a hydrogen atom.”
Other researchers have developed optomechanical infrared sensors based on this principle, but their sensitivities have been comparatively low.
The Penn team’s device is an improvement in this regard due to the inclusion of “slot” nanoantennas, cavities that are etched into the gold layer at intervals that correspond to wavelengths of mid-infrared light.
The inclusion of nanoantennas provides the device with an additional advantage: the ability to tailor which type of light it is sensitive to by etching a different pattern of slots on the surface.
